Hari ubwoko bwinshi bw'ibikoresho fatizo bidashobora kwangirika ndetse n'uburyo butandukanye bwo gushyira mu byiciro. Muri rusange hari ibyiciro bitandatu.
Ubwa mbere, hakurikijwe ibice by'imiti byashyizwe mu byiciro by'ibikoresho fatizo birwanya ubukana
Ishobora kugabanywamo ibikoresho fatizo bya okiside n'ibikoresho fatizo bitari okiside. Bitewe n'iterambere rya siyansi n'ikoranabuhanga rya none, bimwe mu bintu by'umwimerere byabaye ibikoresho bya mbere cyangwa ibikoresho by'inyongera by'ibikoresho fatizo birwanya umuriro cyane.
Icya kabiri, hakurikijwe ibice by'imiti byashyizwe mu byiciro by'ibikoresho fatizo birwanya ubukana
Dukurikije imiterere y’ibinyabutabire, ibikoresho fatizo birwanya ubushyuhe bishobora kugabanywamo ibikoresho fatizo birwanya ubushyuhe bwa aside, nka silica, zircon, nibindi; ibikoresho fatizo birwanya ubushyuhe bwa aside, nka corundum, bauxite (aside), mullite (aside), pyrite (alkaline), grafiti, nibindi; ibikoresho fatizo birwanya ubushyuhe bwa alkaline, nka magnesia, umucanga wa dolomite, umucanga wa magnesia wa kalisiyumu, nibindi.
Icya gatatu, hakurikijwe ishyirwa mu byiciro ry'imikorere y'ibikorwa byo gukora
Dukurikije uruhare rwabyo mu gukora ibintu birwanya ikwirakwira ry’ikirere, ibikoresho fatizo birwanya ikwirakwira ry’ikirere bishobora kugabanywamo ibikoresho by’ingenzi n’ibikoresho by’inyongera.
Ibikoresho by'ingenzi ni byo bigize ibikoresho birwanya imyuka. Ibikoresho by'ibanze bishobora kugabanywamo ibifunga n'inyongeramusaruro. Inshingano y'ibifunga ni ukugira ngo umubiri urwanya imyuka ugire imbaraga zihagije mu ikorwa no gukoreshwa. Ibikoreshwa cyane ni ibinyabutabire bya sulfite, asphalt, phenolic resin, aluminate sima, sodium silicate, aside fosforike na fosfate, sulfate, kandi bimwe mu bikoresho by'ingenzi ubwabyo bifite uruhare mu guhuza, nk'ibumba rifatanye; Inshingano z'inyongeramusaruro ni kunoza ikorwa cyangwa iyubakwa ry'ibikoresho birwanya imyuka, cyangwa kongera imiterere imwe n'imwe y'ibikoresho birwanya imyuka, nko gushimangira, kugabanya amazi, gukumira, plasticizer, gukwirakwiza ifuro, kwagura, antioxidant, nibindi.
Kane, hakurikijwe imiterere y'ishyirwa mu byiciro rya aside n'ishingiro
Dukurikije aside na alkali, ibikoresho fatizo birwanya aside bishobora kugabanywamo ibice bitanu bikurikira.
(1) Ibikoresho fatizo bifite aside
Ibikoresho fatizo bya siliceous, nka quartz, squamquartz, quartzite, chalcedony, chert, opal, quartzite, umucanga wa silica wera, diatomite, ibi bikoresho fatizo bya siliceous birimo silica (SiO2) nibura ku kigero kirenga 90%, ibikoresho fatizo byuzuye bifite silica irenga 99%. Ibikoresho fatizo bya siliceous ni aside mu bushyuhe bwinshi, iyo hari oxyde z'icyuma, cyangwa iyo bihuye n'imikorere ya shimi, kandi bigahuzwa mu turemangingo duto. Kubwibyo, niba ibikoresho fatizo bya siliceous birimo ingano nto ya oxyde y'icyuma, bizagira ingaruka zikomeye ku bushyuhe bwabyo.
(2) ibikoresho fatizo bifite aside nkeya
Ni ibumba rirwanya cyane. Mu bihe byashize, ibumba ryashyirwaga ku rutonde rw'ibintu bifite aside, mu by'ukuri ntabwo bikwiye. Aside y'ibikoresho fatizo birwanya ishingiye kuri silica yigenga (SiO2) nk'ikintu nyamukuru, kuko ukurikije imiterere y'ibumba rirwanya n'ibikoresho fatizo bifite silica, silica yigenga mu ibumba rirwanya ibara ni nto cyane ugereranyije n'ibikoresho fatizo bifite silica.
Kubera ko hari alumina 30% ~ 45% mu ibumba risanzwe rirwanya imyuka, kandi alumina idakunze kuba yigenga, igomba guhuzwa na silica mu kaolinite (Al2O3 · 2SiO2 · 2H2O), nubwo hari ingano ntoya ya silica, uruhare ni ruto cyane. Kubwibyo, imiterere ya aside y'ibumba rirwanya imyuka ni mike cyane ugereranyije n'ibikoresho fatizo bya silica. Hari abantu bizera ko ibumba rirwanya imyuka mu bushyuhe bwinshi rihinduka silicate yigenga, alumina yigenga, ariko ntabwo yahindutse, silicate yigenga na alumina yigenga bizahuzwa na quartz (3Al2O3 · 2SiO2) iyo bikomeje gushyuha. Quartz ifite aside nziza irwanya alkaline slag, kandi kubera kwiyongera kw'imiterere ya alumina mu ibumba rirwanya imyuka, aside yagabanutse buhoro buhoro, iyo alumina igeze kuri 50%, imiterere ya alkaline cyangwa idafite aho ibogamiye, cyane cyane ikozwe mu matafari y'ibumba mu gihe cy'umuvuduko mwinshi, ubucucike bwinshi, incamake nto, porosity nke, ubwiyongere bw'imyuka ya alkaline burushaho gukomera kurusha silica mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi. Quartz nayo iragenda buhoro cyane ukurikije uburyo ihinduka, bityo tubona ko bikwiye gushyira ibumba ridashobora kwangirika mu cyiciro cy’aside nke. Ibumba ridashobora kwangirika ni ryo rikoreshwa cyane mu nganda zidashobora kwangirika.
(3) ibikoresho fatizo bidafite aho bibogamiye
Ibikoresho fatizo bidafite aho bibogamiye ahanini ni chromite, grafite, silicon carbide (iy’ubukorikori), mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe ubwo aribwo bwose ntibigira ingaruka ku irangi rya aside cyangwa alkaline. Ubu hari ibikoresho bibiri nk’ibyo mu miterere yabyo, chromite na grafite. Uretse grafite karemano, hari grafite y’ubukorikori, ibi bikoresho fatizo bidafite aho bibogamiye bifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya irangi, bikaba ari byo bikwiranye cyane n’ibikoresho bidafite aho bibogamiye bya alkaline ndetse n’ibirinda irangi rya aside.
(4) ibikoresho fatizo birwanya alkaline
Ahanini magnesite (magnesite), dolomite, lime, olivine, serpentine, ibikoresho fatizo bya alumina byinshi (rimwe na rimwe bitagira aho bibogamiye), ibi bikoresho fatizo bifite ubudahangarwa bukomeye na alkaline slag, ahanini bikoreshwa mu itanura rya alkaline, ariko cyane cyane byoroshye kandi bihinduka umunyu.
(5) Ibikoresho byihariye birwanya
Ahanini zirconia, titanium oxyde, beryllium oxide, cerium oxide, thorium oxide, yttrium oxide n'ibindi. Ibi bikoresho fatizo bifite urwego rutandukanye rwo kurwanya ubwoko bwose bwa slag, ariko kubera ko isoko y'ibikoresho fatizo atari nyinshi, ntishobora gukoreshwa mu nganda nyinshi zirwanya ubukana, bishobora gukoreshwa gusa mu bihe byihariye, bityo byitwa ibikoresho fatizo byihariye birwanya ubukana bw'umuriro.
Eshanu, hakurikijwe ibyara ry'ibikoresho fatizo
Dukurikije uburyo ibikoresho fatizo bihingwa, bishobora kugabanywamo ibikoresho fatizo karemano n'ibikoresho fatizo by'ubukorikori mu byiciro bibiri.
(1) ibikoresho fatizo karemano birwanya ubukana
Ibikoresho by'ubutare karemano biracyari igice cy'ingenzi cy'ibikoresho by'ibanze. Ibinyabutabire biba mu bidukikije bigizwe n'ibintu bibigize. Kuri ubu, byagaragaye ko ingano yose ya ogisijeni, silikoni na aluminiyumu ari byo bigira hafi 90% by'ibice byose biri mu gisenge, naho okiside, silike na aluminiyumu bikaba bifite inyungu zigaragara, zikaba ari ububiko bunini cyane bw'ibikoresho by'ibanze karemano.
Ubushinwa bufite umutungo kamere mwinshi urwanya ikwirakwira ry’ibintu, ubwoko bwinshi. Magnesite, bauxite, grafiti n'indi mitungo ishobora kwitwa inkingi eshatu z'ibikoresho fatizo birwanya ikwirakwira ry'Ubushinwa; Magnesite na bauxite, ububiko bunini, bwiza cyane; Ibumba ryiza cyane rirwanya ikwirakwira ry’ibintu, silica, dolomite, magnesia dolomite, magnesia olivine, serpentine, zircon n'indi mitungo ikwirakwijwe cyane.
Ubwoko bw'ingenzi bw'ibikoresho karemano ni: silica, quartz, diatomite, wax, ibumba, bauxite, cyanite mineral materials, magnesite, dolomite, limestone, magnesite olivine, serpentine, talc, chlorite, zircon, plagiozircon, perlite, chromium iron na natural graphite.
Ibice bitandatu, Dukurikije imiterere y'imiti, ibikoresho fatizo birwanya uburozi karemano bishobora kugabanywamo:
Siliceous: nka silica ya crystalline, silica ya quartz ikozwe muri sima, nibindi;
② semi-siliceous (phyllachite, nibindi)
③ Ibumba: nk'ibumba rikomeye, ibumba ryoroshye, n'ibindi; Huza ibumba n'ibumba ritoshye
(4) Aluminiyumu nyinshi: izwi kandi nka jade, nka bauxite nyinshi, amabuye y'agaciro ya sillimanite;
⑤ Manyeziyumu: magnesite;
⑥ Dolomite;
⑦ Chromite [(Fe,Mg)O·(Cr,Al)2O3];
Zircon (ZrO2·SiO2).
Ibikoresho karemano bisanzwe biba birimo umwanda mwinshi, imiterere yabyo ntihindagurika, imikorere irahindagurika cyane, ibikoresho bike gusa ni byo bishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo butaziguye, ibyinshi muri byo bigomba gusukurwa, gupimwa cyangwa se gukaraba kugira ngo bihuze n'ibikenewe mu gukora ibikoresho bidashobora guhindagurika.
(2) ibikoresho fatizo birwanya inkongi y'umuriro by'ubukorikori
Ubwoko bw'amabuye y'agaciro karemano akoreshwa mu bikoresho fatizo ni make, kandi akenshi ntashobora kuzuza ibisabwa by'ibikoresho byiza kandi bifite ikoranabuhanga rihanitse ku bisabwa byihariye mu nganda zigezweho. Ibikoresho fatizo bifite ikoranabuhanga rihanitse bishobora kugera ku buryo bwuzuye ku miterere n'imiterere by'amabuye y'agaciro byakozwe n'abantu mbere, imiterere yayo ni myiza, ifite ubunini, imiterere yayo ni yoroshye kugenzura, bityo ubwiza bwayo buhamye, ishobora gukora ibikoresho bitandukanye bihanitse bifite ikoranabuhanga rihanitse, ni byo bikoresho by'ingenzi by'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho rihanitse kandi rifite ikoranabuhanga rihanitse. Iterambere ry'ibikoresho bihanitse bifite ikoranabuhanga ryihuta cyane mu myaka makumyabiri ishize.
Ibikoresho fatizo birwanya ubukonje ni magnesium aluminum spinel, synthetic mullite, sea water magnesia, synthetic magnesium cordierite, sintered corundum, aluminium titanate, silicon carbide n'ibindi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-19-2023
