Amakuru

Inganda z'ibyuma ni inkingi ikomeye y'ibikorwa remezo ku isi, nyamara zikorera mu gace gashyuha cyane ku Isi. Kuva ku bushyuhe bwinshi bw'icyuma gishongeshwa kugeza ku buryo bugezweho bwo gucukura ibyuma, ibikoresho by'ingenzi nka converters, amatanura y'amashanyarazi, n'amatanura ashyushye bihura n'umuvuduko uhoraho: bigomba kwihanganira ubushyuhe bukabije burenze 1.600°C, hamwe n'isuri ikomeye ituruka ku ifu ishongeshejwe n'icyuma gishya. Ibi bihe bikomeye bitera ibintu bidashobora gusubizwa inyuma - urwego rwo kurinda ibikoresho kwangirika - no mu bindi byose,amatafari ya manyeziyumu-chromiumbigaragarira nk'igisubizo cya nyuma kandi cyizewe.

Amatafari ya manyeziyumu-chromium afite umwanya udasanzwe mu nganda z'ibyuma bitewe n'imiterere itatu y'ingenzi, idatsindwa ikemura ikibazo gikomeye cyo gukora ibyuma bishyushye cyane. Icya mbere, ubushobozi bwabyo bwo kurwanya umuriro budasanzwe buhindura umutekano no gukora neza: afite ubushobozi bwo kutarenza ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 1,700°C, aya matafari agumana imiterere yayo ndetse no mu matanura ashyushye cyane. Bitandukanye n'ibikoresho bidarenza ubushyuhe bishobora koroha cyangwa gushonga mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bukabije, amatafari ya manyeziyumu-chromium akuraho ibyago byo kwangirika kw'ibikoresho bitunguranye, bishobora guhagarika imiyoboro y'ibikorwa kandi bigatera gutinda guhenda. Icya kabiri, ubushobozi bwabo bwo kurwanya ubushyuhe buhanitse bukemura ikibazo gikomeye cy'inganda z'ibyuma. Agizwe na magnesium oxyde na chromium oxyde bifite isuku nyinshi, aya matafari akora uruzitiro rurerure, rudashobora kwinjiramo rurwanya ubushyuhe bwa alkaline na aside - ibintu bisanzwe bikomoka ku ikorwa ry'ibyuma birya imiyoboro isanzwe. Uku kutarenza ubushyuhe bwongera cyane ubuzima bw'imiyoboro y'itanura ho 30% cyangwa birenga ugereranije n'ubushyuhe busanzwe, bigagabanya ikiguzi cyo gusimbuza kenshi kandi bikagabanya igihe kitateganijwe cyo kudakora. Icya gatatu, ubushyuhe bwabo buhamye butuma habaho ubwiza mu gihe cy’ibikorwa bikomeye. Iyo amatanura atangiye cyangwa azimye, ubushyuhe bushobora guhindukaho dogere amagana mu gihe gito—agahinda gatuma amatafari menshi acika cyangwa agasenyuka. Ariko amatafari ya manyeziyumu-chromium, atwara uku guhinduka nta nkomyi, agakomeza gukora neza kandi umusaruro ugakomeza gukora neza nta nkomyi.

Izi ngaruka nziza zituma amatafari ya manyeziyumu-chromium aba ingenzi muri buri cyiciro cy'ingenzi cyo gukora ibyuma, kuva mu gutunganya ibikoresho fatizo kugeza ku gucukura burundu. Mu matafari ahindura ibyuma n'amatafari y'amashanyarazi, aho ibyuma bishongeshwa kandi bigatunganywa neza, amatafari akikije inkuta z'imbere, agakomeza gukururwa mu buryo butaziguye n'icyuma gishongeshejwe n'ibisigazwa byangiza. Ubu burinzi butuma amatafari akora neza cyane mu gihe kirekire, byongera umusaruro w'icyuma buri munsi. Mu mato—amato manini atwara ibyuma bishongeshejwe mu matafari ajyana mu mashini zicukura—amatafari ya manyeziyumu-chromium akora nk'umugozi ukomeye. Arinda ubushyuhe bwangiza ubwiza bw'icyuma kandi akabuza gusohoka, bigatuma icyuma gishongeshejwe kigera ku cyiciro gikurikiraho mu buryo bwiza bwo gutunganya nk'ukuzunguruka cyangwa gucukura. Ndetse no mu matafari acukurwa, inkingi y'umusaruro w'icyuma, aya matafari arinda uturere two hejuru n'utwo hasi ku bitero by'umwuka ushyushye cyane (kugeza kuri 2,000°C) n'ibisigazwa byashongeshejwe, bigakomeza gukora neza igihe kirekire, kandi bikaba ingenzi cyane mu gutanga icyuma gihoraho.

Ku bakora ibyuma baharanira kongera umusaruro, kugabanya ikiguzi cy'imikorere, no gukomeza guhangana n'abandi, guhitamo amatafari meza ya magnesium-chromium si amahitamo gusa—ni ngombwa. Amatafari yacu ya magnesium-chromium yakozwe mu buryo buhamye bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge, hakoreshejwe ibikoresho fatizo by'igiciro cyinshi bikorerwa igeragezwa rikomeye kugira ngo byuzuze amahame mpuzamahanga y'inganda. Twizewe n'inganda zikomeye zo muri Aziya, i Burayi, na Amerika ya Ruguru, ibicuruzwa byacu bifite amateka meza yo gutanga umusaruro uhoraho, ndetse no mu turere dukenera cyane umusaruro. Fatanya natwe uyu munsi, kandi ureke igisubizo cyacu gikomeye mu nganda kidakongerwa n'inkongi gikomeze inzira yawe yo gukora ibyuma, ugabanye igihe cyo kudakora, kandi kigufashe kugera ku iterambere rirambye kandi rirambye.